Brown the sausage: Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium heat.
Add sausage and cook, breaking it up, until browned and cooked through, about 5–7 minutes. Scoop out any excess fat if needed, leaving about a tablespoon in the pot.
Sauté the aromatics: Add onion, carrots, and celery. Season with a pinch of salt and pepper.
Cook until softened, 5–6 minutes. Stir in garlic and cook 30 seconds until fragrant.
Build the base: Stir in tomato paste and cook 1 minute to caramelize. Add crushed tomatoes, broth, Italian seasoning, red pepper flakes, bay leaf, and Parmesan rind if using.
Bring to a gentle boil.
Simmer: Reduce to a simmer and cook 10 minutes to let the flavors meld. Taste and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper.
Add beans and tortellini: Stir in the beans and tortellini. Simmer according to tortellini package directions, usually 3–6 minutes, until the pasta is just tender.
Stir in spinach: Turn off the heat and fold in the spinach.
It will wilt in about 1–2 minutes. Remove the bay leaf and Parmesan rind.
Brighten and finish: Add a squeeze of lemon juice and a little zest for brightness. Taste again and adjust salt and pepper.
Ladle into bowls and top with grated Parmesan and fresh herbs.